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| Feature | No.62 October 2011 |

NCAA Inclusion of Transgender Student-Athletes
Pat Griffin & Helen Carroll
Reprinted with permission of Dr. Bernard Franklin, Executive Vice President, Chief Inclusion Officer, National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA). Printed in August, 2011. (www.ncaa.org)
As a core value, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), headquartered in the United States of America, believes in and is committed to diversity, inclusion and gender equity among its student-athletes, coaches and administrators. We seek to establish and maintain an inclusive culture that fosters equitable participation for student-athletes and career opportunities for coaches and administrators from diverse backgrounds. Diversity and inclusion improve the learning environment for all student-athletes and enhance excellence within the Association.
The purpose of this resource is to provide guidance to NCAA athletic programmes about how to ensure trans-gender student-athletes fair, respectful, and legal access to collegiate sports teams based on current medical and legal knowledge. It provides best practice and policy recommendations for intercollegiate athletic programmes to provide transgender student-athletes with fair and equal opportunities to participate. In addition to specific policy recommendations for college athletics, the resource provides guidance for implementing these policies to ensure the safety, privacy, and dignity of transgender student-athletes as well as their teammates. Specific best practice recommendations are provided for athletic administrators, coaches, student-athletes and the media.
Providing medical advice and understanding of the complexities of the transitioning student-athlete are: Eric Vilain, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Human Genetics, Pediatrics and Urology, Director of the Center for Gender-Based Biology and Chief of Medical Genetics in the UCLA Department of Pediatrics, member of the International Olympic Committee medical advisory board; R. Nick Gorton, M.D., Emergency Medicine Physician, Sutter Davis Hospital, Primary Care Provider, Lyon- Martin Women`s Health Services–San Francisco, Medical-Legal Consultant for transgender health care for Lambda Legal, the Transgender Law Center, the Northwest Justice Project, the New York Legal Aid Society, National Center for Lesbian Rights Sports Project and the Sylvia Rivera Law Project; Lori Kohler, M.D., Medical Director of the Family Health Center at San Francisco General Hospital.
Providing review related to the legal rights of transgender student-athletes in the context of the broader legal status of transgender rights in the United States: Lambda Legal; American Civil Liberties Union; Transgender Law Center; National Center for Transgender Equality; Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders; National Center for Lesbian Rights.
Providing expertise regarding National Collegiate Athletic Association rules, regulations and procedures related to drug testing, eligibility requirements, and gender equity: Karen Morrison, Director for Gender Inclusion Initiatives; Mary Wilfert, Associate Director, Health and Safety.
Providing a voice and sharing the experience of being a transgender student-athlete: Keelin Godsey, Track and Field, Rugby, Bates College, 2006, Northeastern College, 2010; Morgan Dickens, Basketball and Rugby, Cornell University, 2008, Ithaca College, 2009; Kye Allums, Women`s Basketball, George Washington University, Class of 2012.
What Does Transgender Mean?
“Transgender” describes an individual whose gender identity (one`s internal psychological identification as a boy/man or girl/woman) does not match the person`s sex at birth. For example, a male-to-female (MTF) transgender person is someone who was born with a male body, but who identifies as a girl or a woman. A female-to-male (FTM) transgender person is someone who was born with a female body, but who identifies as a boy or a man.
It is important that all people recognise and respect the transgender person`s identification as a man or a woman. In order to feel comfortable and to express their gender identity, transgender people may take a variety of steps: changing their names and self-referencing pronouns to better match their gender identity; choosing clothes, hairstyles, or other aspects of self-presentation that reflect their gender identity; and gen-erally living, and presenting themselves to others, consistently with their gender identity. Some, but not all, transgender people take hormones or undergo surgical procedures to change their bodies to better reflect their gender identity.
Some people are confused by the difference between transgender people and people who have intersex conditions. The key feature of being transgender is having a psychological identification as a man or a woman that differs from the person`s sex at birth. Apart from having a gender identity that is different than their bodies, transgender people are not born with physical characteristics that distinguish them from others. In contrast, people with intersex conditions (which may also be called a “Disorders of Sex Development”), are born with physically mixed or atypical bodies with respect to sexual characteristics such as chromosomes, internal reproductive organs and genitalia, and external genitalia.
An increasing number of high school- and college-aged young people are identifying as transgender (or trans), meaning that their internal sense of their gender identity is different from the gender they were assigned at birth. These students challenge educators to rethink an understanding of gender as universally fixed at birth. Educators must be open to this challenge to create educational institutions that value and meet the needs of all students. Once we recognise that transgender young people are part of school communities across the United States, educational leaders have a responsibility to ensure that these students have access to equal opportunities in all academic and extracurricular activities in a safe and respectful school environment.
Athletics programmes are widely accepted as integral parts of the college experience. The benefits of athletics participation include many positive effects on physical, social, and emotional well-being. Playing sports can provide student-athletes with important lessons about self-discipline, teamwork, success, and failure—as well as the joy and shared excitement that being a member of a sports team can bring.
For some students, playing on collegiate sports teams leads to future careers in athletics as competitors, coaches, administrators, and athletic trainers. All students, including those who are transgender, deserve access to these benefits.
Though the needs of transgender college students have received some attention in recent years, this issue has not been adequately addressed in the context of athletics. Few collegiate athletics programmes, ad-ministrators, or coaches have been prepared to fairly, systematically, and effectively address a transgender student`s interest in participating in athletics. The majority of intercollegiate athletics programmes have no policy governing the inclusion of transgender student-athletes, and most coaches have not received any direction for accommodating a transgender student who wants to play on a sports team. In fact, most intercollegiate athletics programmes have not received the information to address even basic accommodations such as knowing what pronouns or names to use when referring to a transgender student, where a transgender student should change clothes for practice or competition, or what bathroom or shower that student should use.
The best practices and recommended policies within this resource will provide athletics administrators and others involved in intercollegiate athletics with the information and tools to support participation of trans-gender student-athletes and create environments that respect students from all backgrounds.
Overview
This section provides an overview of issues related to providing participation opportunities for transgender student-athletes by addressing the following questions:

- Why must we address transgender issues in athletics?
- Why focus on college athletics?
- Should the participation of transgender student-athletes raise concerns about competitive equity?
- What are the benefits of adopting fair and inclusive policies?

Why Must We Address Transgender Issues in Collegiate Athletics Programmes?
Educators must address transgender issues in athletics for several reasons. First and foremost, core values of equal opportunity and inclusion demand that educational leaders adopt thoughtful and effective policies that enable all students to participate fully in intercollegiate athletics programmes. Over the course of many years, schools have learned and continue to appreciate the value and necessity of accommodating the sport participation interests of students of color, women, students with disabilities, and lesbian, gay, and bisexual students. These are all issues of basic fairness and equity that demand the expansion of our thinking about equal opportunity in sports. The right of transgender students to participate in sports calls for similar considerations of fairness and equal access.
Additionally, as more states, localities, and schools add gender identity and expression to their non-discrimination policies, and as more courts hold that sex discrimination laws protect transgender people, trans-gender students and their parents are increasingly empowered to insist that athletics programmes accommodate transgender students (see Part Four: Appendix C for a compilation of state and federal laws, regulations, and legal decisions prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity/expression). To avoid decision-making that perpetuates discrimination, school leaders must be proactive in adopting policies that are consistent with school non-discrimination policies and state and federal laws prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity or expression (see Appendix A for definitions of gender identity and gender expression).
Though the number of transgender students is small, research indicates that their number is growing. As the number of people who come out as transgender as teenagers and children increases, so too do the numbers of parents who support their transgender children and advocate for their rights to safety and fair treatment. In response to these demands, college leaders must be prepared to accommodate the educational needs and protect the rights of transgender students.
To respond to these realities, athletics conferences and individual universities/colleges are well advised to proactively adopt policies and best practices that provide equal opportunities for transgender students to participate on sports teams. Moreover, in the spirit of encouraging sports participation for all, it is the right thing to do.
In order to design effective policies, educators must understand that gender is a core part of everyone`s identity and that gender is more complex than our society generally acknowledges. Learning about the experi-ence of transgender people can help us to see more clearly how gender affects all of our lives, and to put that knowledge into practice in order to better serve all students.
Addressing the needs of transgender students is an important emerging equal opportunity issue that must be taken seriously by school leaders. Because a more complex understanding of gender may be new and challenging for some people, there is a danger that misinformation and stereotypes rather than accurate and up-to-date information will guide policy decisions. Campus and athletics administrators who are charged with policy development need guidance to avoid including misconceptions and misinformation in policies that, ulti-mately, create more problems than they solve.
Why Focus on College Athletics?
Providing equal opportunities in all aspects of school programming is a core value in education. As an integral part of higher educational institutions, college athletics programmes are responsible and accountable for reflecting the goals and values of the educational institutions of which they are a part. It follows that athletics programmes must reflect the value of equal opportunity in all policies and practices.
A core purpose of college is to teach students how to participate and be good citizens in an increasingly diverse society and how to interact respectfully with others. In addition, college athletics programmes impose limits on how many years a student-athlete can compete that do not exist in adult sporting competitions, where athletes can compete as long as their performances are viable or, in the case of most amateur sports, as long as they wish to. Intercollegiate athletics provides a unique opportunity to provide participation opportunities for all students regardless of race, religion, sexual orientation or gender expression.
Should the Participation of Transgender Student-Athletes Raise Concerns About Competitive Equity?
Concern about creating an “unfair competitive advantage” on sex-separated teams is one of the most often cited reasons for resistance to the participation of transgender student-athletes. This concern is cited most often in discussions about transgender women competing on a women`s team. Some advocates for gender equality in college sports are concerned that allowing transgender women—that is, male-to-female transgender athletes who were born male, but who identify as female—to compete on women`s teams will take away opportunities for women, or that transgender women will have a competitive advantage over other women competitors.
These concerns are based on three assumptions: one, that transgender women are not “real” women and therefore not deserving of an equal competitive opportunity; two, that being born with a male body auto-matically gives a transgender woman an unfair advantage when competing against non-transgender women; and three, that men might be tempted to pretend to be transgender in order to compete in competition with women.
These assumptions are not well founded. First, the decision to transition from one gender to the other—to align one`s external gender presentation with one`s internal sense of gender identity—is a deeply significant and difficult choice that is made only after careful consideration and for the most compelling of reasons. Gender identity is a core aspect of a person`s identity, and it is just as deep seated, authentic, and real for a transgender person as for others. Male-to-female transgender women fully identify and live their lives as women, and female-to-male transgender men fully identify and live their lives as men.
Second, some people fear that transgender women will have an unfair advantage over non-transgender women. It is important to place that fear in context.
Transgender girls who medically transition at an early age do not go through a male puberty, and therefore their participation in athletics as girls does not raise the same equity concerns that arise when transgender women transition after puberty.
Transgender women display a great deal of physical variation, just as there is a great deal of natural variation in physical size and ability among non-transgender women and men. Many people may have a stereotype that all transgender women are unusually tall and have large bones and muscles. But that is not true. A male-to-female transgender woman may be small and slight, even if she is not on hormone blockers or taking estrogen. It is important not to overgeneralise. The assumption that all male-bodied people are taller, stronger, and more highly skilled in a sport than all female-bodied people is not accurate.
It is also important to know that any strength and endurance advantages a transgender woman arguably may have as a result of her prior testosterone levels dissipate after about one year of estrogen or testosterone-suppression therapy. According to medical experts on this issue, the assumption that a transgender woman competing on a women`s team would have a competitive advantage outside the range of performance and competitive advantage or disadvantage that already exists among female athletes is not supported by evidence.
Finally, fears that men will pretend to be female to compete on a women`s team are unwarranted given that in the entire 40 year history of “sex verification” procedures in international sport competitions, no instances of such “fraud” have been revealed.5 Instead, rather than identifying men who are trying to fraudulently compete as women, “sex verification” tests have been misused to humiliate and unfairly exclude women with intersex conditions.6 The apparent failure of such tests to serve their stated purpose of deterring fraud— and the terrible damage they have caused to individual women athletes—should be taken into account when developing policies for the inclusion of transgender athletes.
Educators in collegiate athletics programmes must develop thoughtful and informed practices that provide opportunities for all students, including transgender students, to participate in sports. These practices must be based on sound medical science, which shows that male-to-female transgender athletes do not have any au-tomatic advantage over other women . These practices must also be based on the educational values of sport and the reasons why sport is included as a vital component of the educational environment: promoting the physical and psychological well-being of all students, and teaching students the values of equal opportunity, participation, inclusion, teamwork, discipline, and respect for diversity.
What Are the Benefits of Adopting Inclusive Practices Regarding Transgender Student-Athletes?
All stakeholders in NCAA athletics programmes will benefit from adopting fair and inclusive practices enabling transgender student-athletes to participate on school sports teams. School-based sports, even at the most competitive levels, remain an integral part of the process of education and development of young people, especially emerging leaders in our society. Adopting fair and inclusive participation practices will allow school and athletics leaders to fulfill their commitment to create an environment in which all students can thrive, develop their full potential, and learn how to interact with persons from diverse groups.
Many schools and athletics departments identify diversity as a strength and have included sexual orientation and gender identity/expression in their non-discrimination policies. Athletics departments and personnel are responsible for creating and maintaining an inclusive and non- discriminatory climate in the areas they oversee. Adopting inclusive participation practices provides school athletics administrators with a concrete opportunity to fulfill that mandate and demonstrate their commitment to fair play and inclusion.
Moreover, when all participants in athletics are committed to fair play, inclusion, and respect, student-athletes are free to focus on performing their best in athletic competition and in the classroom. This climate promotes the well-being and achievement potential of all student-athletes. Every student-athlete and coach will benefit from meeting the challenge of overcoming fear and prejudice about social groups of which they are not members. This respect for difference will be invaluable to all student-athletes as they graduate and enter an increasingly diverse workforce in which knowing how to work effectively across differences is a professional and personal asset.
The benefits of school sports participation include many positive effects on physical, social, and emotional well-being. All students, including those who are transgender, deserve access to these benefits.7 When athletics departments adopt inclusive policies, they are living up to the educational values of equality that join them with the broad institutional and societal ideal of inclusion and respect for differences.
Recommendations for Including
Transgender Student-Athletes
This section of the resource includes:

- Guiding Principles
- Recommended Policy for College Athletics
- Additional Guidelines for Transgender Student-Athlete Inclusion

Guiding Principles
Policies governing the participation of transgender student-athletes should be informed by the following principles, and be included in the institution`s transgender student-athlete policy statement:

1. Participation in intercollegiate athletics is a valuable part of the education experience for all students.
2. Transgender student-athletes should have equal opportunity to participate in sports.
3. The integrity of women`s sports should be preserved.
4. Policies governing sports should be based on sound medical knowledge and scientific validity.
5. Policies governing sports should be objective, workable, and practicable; they should also be written, available and equitably enforced.
6. Policies governing the participation of transgender students in sports should be fair in light of the tremendous variation among individuals in strength, size, musculature, and ability.
7. The legitimate privacy interests of all student-athletes should be protected.
8. The medical privacy of transgender students should be preserved.
9. Athletics administrators, staff, parents of athletes, and student-athletes should have access to sound and effective educational resources and training related to the participation of transgender and gender-variant students in athletics.
10. Policies governing the participation of transgender students in athletics should comply with state and federal laws protecting students from discrimination based on sex, disability, and gender identity and expression.

Policy Recommendations for Collegiate Athletics
Policy development governing the inclusion of transgender student-athletes is an emerging endeavor. As new research on the participation of transgender athletes and the physiological effects of gender transition on athletic performance becomes available, policies may need to be re-evaluated to ensure that they reflect the most current research-based information.
NCAA Bylaws Related to Hormonal Treatment and Mixed Teams
Two areas of NCAA regulations can be impacted by transgender student-athlete participation: use of banned substances and mixed team status.
A mixed team is a varsity intercollegiate sports team on which at least one individual of each gender competes. (Revised: 5/8/06). NCAA Bylaw 18.02.2 for purposes of meeting the required minimums set forth in Bylaws 18.2.3 and 18.2.4, a mixed team shall be counted as one team. A mixed team shall count toward the minimum sponsorship percentage for men`s championships.

- NCAA rules state that a male participating in competition on a female team makes the team a “mixed team.” The mixed team can be used for sports sponsorship numbers (provided other conditions, such as being an acceptable NCAA sport, outlined in Bylaw 20.9 (Division I), 20.10 (Division II) and 20.11 (Division III) are met) and counts toward the mixed/men`s team minimums within the membership sports-sponsorship requirements. Such a team is ineligible for a women`s NCAA championship but is eligible for a men`s NCAA championship.
- A female on a men`s team does not impact sports sponsorship in the application of the rule-the team still counts toward the mixed/men`s numbers. Such a team is eligible for a men`s NCAA championship.
- Once a team is classified as a mixed team, it retains that status through the remainder of the academic year without exception.

NCAA Bylaw 31.2.3 identifies testosterone as a banned substance, and provides for a medical exception review for demonstrated need for use of a banned medication. It is the responsibility of the NCAA institution to submit the request for a medical exception (see www.ncaa.org/drugtesting) for testosterone treatment prior to the student-athlete competing while undergoing treatment. In the case of testosterone suppression, the institution must submit written documentation to the NCAA of the year of treatment and ongoing monitoring of testosterone suppression.
NCAA Policy on Transgender Student-Athlete Participation
The following policies clarify participation of transgender student-athletes undergoing hormonal treatment for gender transition:

1. A trans male (FTM) student-athlete who has received a medical exception for treatment with testoster-one for diagnosed Gender Identity Disorder or gender dysphoria and/or Transsexualism, for purposes of NCAA competition may compete on a men`s team, but is no longer eligible to compete on a women`s team without changing that team status to a mixed team.
2. A trans female (MTF) student-athlete being treated with testosterone suppression medication for Gender Identity Disorder or gender dysphoria and/or Transsexualism, for the purposes of NCAA competition may continue to compete on a men`s team but may not compete on a women`s team without changing it to a mixed team status until completing one calendar year of testosterone suppression treatment.

Any transgender student-athlete who is not taking hormone treatment related to gender transition may par-ticipate in sex-separated sports activities in accordance with his or her assigned birth gender.
A trans male (FTM) student-athlete who is not taking testosterone related to gender transition may participate on a men`s or women`s team.
A trans female (MTF) transgender student-athlete who is not taking hormone treatments related to gender transition may not compete on a women`s team.
Additional Considerations
The student`s responsibilities:

1. In order to avoid challenges to a transgender student`s participation during a sport season, a student-athlete who has completed, plans to initiate, or is in the process of taking hormones as part of a gender transition should submit the request to participate on a sports team in writing to the director of athletics upon matriculation or when the decision to undergo hormonal treatment is made.
2. The request should include a letter from the student`s physician documenting the student-athlete`s intention to transition or the student`s transition status if the process has already been initiated. This letter should identify the prescribed hormonal treatment for the student`s gender transition and docu-mentation of the student`s testosterone levels, if relevant.

The school`s responsibilities:

1. The director of athletics should meet with the student to review eligibility requirements and procedure for approval of transgender participation.
2. If hormone treatment is involved in the student-athlete`s transition, the director of athletics should notify the NCAA of the student`s request to participate with a medical exception request.
3. To assist in educating and in development of institutional policy and practice, a Transgender Participa-tion Committee should be established. Members of the committee should represent a cross section of the institutional staff with student well-being interests, and include representation from the following departments: office of general counsel, health and counseling, faculty/academic affairs, and athletics.
4. All discussions among involved parties and required written supporting documentation should be kept confidential, unless the student-athlete makes a specific request otherwise. All information about an individual student`s transgender identity and medical information, including physician`s information provided pursuant to this policy, shall be maintained confidentially.

Best Practices and Guidelines for Inclusion of Transgender Student-Athletes
What are the actions that coaches, administrators and student-athletes can take to assure the inclusion of transgender student-athletes? Although these practices specifically address transgender student-athletes, they can be used to address discrimination based on other factors as well, such as race, religion, class, and sexual orientation.
The first part of this section describes general best practices for everyone. The next sections identify best practices recommended specifically to athletics administrators, coaches, student-athletes, and athletics staff who interact with the media.
Overall Best Practices

1. Provide Equal Opportunity — Colleges and universities often have legal obligations to provide equal opportunity to student-athletes and to personnel, including coaches. All those involved in athletics should be aware of these obligations, and treat them as core values, guiding policies and practices. Transgender discrimination may be a part of a systemic problem where the broader environment is unfriendly or discriminatory toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. This can negatively affect all men and women who participate in athletic competition. If discrimination is accepted as part of the common practices of an athletics department, this will undermine the core principle of equal opportunity.
2. Value Diversity — In creating guidelines or best practices for including transgender student-athletes, it is important to place this conversation in the context of the athletics department`s broad commitments to safety, fairness, and respect for all participants. It helps when athletics department leadership, including coaches, value all aspects of diversity. Collegiate athletics provides an opportunity for students to compete with and against others who come from different races, cultures, religions, sexual orientation, gender identities and expressions, and social classes, but all of whom share the common goal of achieving athletic excellence. Valuing this common ground enhances the social and competitive experience for all. Athletics administrators should make their commitment to valuing diversity explicit in media interviews and other public speaking opportunities as well as in meetings with athletics department staff. That diversity-valuing approach then shapes and informs activities throughout the athletics department and is conveyed to coaches and student-athletes. Everyone should also understand how these core values are important to team success and to individual team member development. Teams that value each member`s contribution to the unit, while respecting individual differences, provide a foundation for the whole team and each member of the team to focus on achieving their athletic and academic goals.
3. Establish policy — When diversity values are explicit, athletics departments, institutions, state, and national governing organisations are in a position to develop specific policy statements that reflect a commitment to these values. These policy statements, if followed, protect schools, administrators, student-athletes, and coaches from litigation and other negative consequences. Coaches should know that they may have a transgender student-athlete on their teams and should be equipped to make that experience a positive one for the athlete and teammates. Parents should communicate the importance of these values in meetings with prospective coaches and athletics administrators. Student-athletes can discuss these values with new team members and in public speaking opportunities.

Best Practices for Athletics Administrators
Best practices for athletics administrators focus on policy development, discrimination prevention, education, enforcement procedures, and consequences. These best practices will be helpful to a wide range of athletics administrators in organisations including colleges and universities, collegiate sport-governing organisations, coaches associations, and athletics conferences.

1. If the school does not have an inclusive non-discrimination and harassment policy, work with other school administrators to adopt a policy that includes gender identity and expression.
2. Respect the right to privacy of all student-athletes with respect to personal information (including whether a student is transgender) when discussing gender identity and expression and understand that all medical information must be kept confidential in accordance with applicable state, local, and federal privacy laws.
3. Become knowledgeable about collegiate non-discrimination and harassment policies that include gen-der identity and expression.
4. Include gender identity and expression in departmental non-discrimination statements on all official department documents and web sites.
5. Become aware of state and federal non-discrimination laws that prohibit discrimination based on gen-der identity and expression.
6. Adopt an effective and fair athletics departmental policy addressing the participation of transgender student-athletes that is consistent with school policy and state or federal non-discrimination laws.
7. Educate all members of the athletics department community (including staff, student-athletes, and par-ents) about departmental and school policy regarding the participation of transgender student-athletes in athletics.
8. Educate yourself about transgender identity, preferred terminology, and current scientific perspectives on the participation of transgender student-athletes on men`s and women`s sports teams.
9. Work with athletics conferences of which your school is a member to adopt fair and effective policies governing the participation of transgender student-athletes.
10. Recommend that your athletics conference sponsor educational programmes for coaches and student-athletes on the inclusion of transgender student-athletes, preferred terminology, and understanding transgender identity.
11. Recommend that professional associations for athletics administrators sponsor educational programmes on the inclusion of transgender student-athletes, preferred terminology, understanding transgender identity, and adopting fair and effective policies.
12. Educate all members of the sports information department about transgender identity, preferred ter-minology, department policies governing the participation of transgender student-athletes, and confi-dentiality requirements when discussing transgender student-athlete participation with the media.

Best Practices for Coaches
Best practices for coaches focus on acquiring knowledge about transgender student-athletes, understanding legal and ethical obligations, maintaining professional conduct, and ensuring that those with whom coaches work are also educated and aware of these issues.

1. Become knowledgeable about school non-discrimination and harassment policies that include gender identity and expression.
2. Become knowledgeable about departmental and school policy regarding the participation of transgen-der student-athletes in athletics.
3. If your department does not have a policy addressing the participation of transgender student-athletes, ask your athletic director to adopt one.
4. Educate student-athletes on your team about transgender identity, preferred terminology, and depart-mental/school policies regarding the participation of transgender student-athletes on sports teams.
5. Be prepared to talk with parents of student-athletes about transgender student-athletes` participation on school teams.
6. Use respectful and preferred language and terminology when discussing transgender student-athlete participation or interacting with a transgender student-athlete.
7. Anticipate and address transgender student-athlete access issues proactively and in accordance with departmental policy regarding locker room use, toilet and shower availability, hotel room assignment, uniforms and dress codes.
8. Recommend that coaches associations to which you belong adopt fair and effective policy statements addressing the participation of transgender student-athletes.
9. Recommend that coaches associations to which you belong sponsor educational programmes addressing the participation of transgender student-athletes.
10. If you are aware of discriminatory or harassing behavior from opposing teams or spectators based on the perceived or actual gender identity or expression of a student-athlete, talk to the opposing coach and ask your director of athletics to talk with the opposing school`s athletic director.
11. Respect the right to privacy of all student-athletes with respect to personal information (including whether a student is transgender) when discussing gender identity and expression and understand that all medical information must be kept confidential in accordance with applicable state, local, and federal privacy laws.

Best Practices for Student-Athletes
Best practices for student-athletes who have transgender teammates focus on respectful behavior, safety, and valuing diversity.

1. Use respectful and preferred language and terminology when discussing transgender student-athlete participation or interacting with a transgender teammate.
2. Become familiar with departmental and school policy governing the participation of transgender student-athletes in athletics.
3. Learn about school non-discrimination and harassment policies that include gender identity and ex-pression.
4. Encourage other student-athletes to use respectful language when discussing transgender issues in sports or interacting with a transgender student-athlete.
5. Respect the right to privacy of all student-athletes with respect to personal information (including whether a student is transgender) when discussing gender identity and expression.
6. Ask your coach and director of athletics for team and departmental educational training concerning transgender student-athlete participation.
7. If taunting or harassment from spectators or opponents occurs during competition, take the approach that these actions are never acceptable for any reason including taunting or harassment based on gen-der identity or expression. Make your coaches aware of discriminatory or harassing behavior and ask them to arrange a meeting with the opposing school`s director of athletics to address this behavior.

Ask your student-athlete advisory committee to plan an activity that focuses on the participation of transgender athletes in sports and frame the issue as one of equal opportunity in sports and fair treatment for all.
Best Practices for Athletics Staff Interacting With Media about Transgender Student-Athlete Issues
Best practices for interacting with the media focus on the importance of understanding basic information about transgender identity, preferred terminology, and respecting confidentiality of student-athletes.

1. The school or athletics department should provide training to all athletics staff who may interact with the media.
2. Respect the confidentiality of all student-athletes when discussing transgender issues with the media and understand that all medical information must be kept confidential in accordance with applicable state, local, and federal privacy laws.
3. Use appropriate language in media interviews or presentations and insist that this terminology be used in media reports on transgender issues in athletics.
4. Focus on the importance of providing equal opportunities for all students to participate in athletics.
5. Describe how departmental policies provide equal opportunities for all students to participate in athletics.

Additional Guidelines for Transgender Student-Athlete Inclusion
The following additional guidelines will assist colleges, athletics departments, coaches, teams, and student-athletes in creating an environment in which all student-athletes are safe and fairly treated.
Facilities Access

1. Changing Areas, Toilets, Showers — Transgender student-athletes should be able to use the locker room, shower, and toilet facilities in accordance with the student`s gender identity. Every locker room should have some private, enclosed changing areas, showers, and toilets for use by any athlete who desires them. When requested by a transgender student-athlete, schools should provide private, separate changing, showering, and toilet facilities for the student`s use, but transgender students should not be required to use separate facilities.
2. Competition at Another School — If a transgender student-athlete requires a particular accommodation to ensure access to appropriate changing, showering, or bathroom facilities, school leaders, athletic directors, and coaches, in consultation with the transgender student-athlete, should notify their counterparts at other schools prior to competitions to ensure that the student has access to facilities that are comfortable and safe. This notification should maintain the student`s confidentiality. Under no circumstances should a student-athlete`s identity as a transgender person be disclosed without the student`s express permission.
3. Hotel Rooms — Transgender student-athletes generally should be assigned to share hotel rooms based on their gender identity, with recognition that any student who needs extra privacy should be accom-modated whenever possible.

Language

1. Preferred Names — In all cases, teammates, coaches and all others in the school should refer to trans-gender student-athletes by a student`s preferred name.
2. Pronouns — Similarly, in all cases, pronoun references to transgender student-athletes should reflect the student`s gender and pronoun preferences.

Dress Codes and Team Uniforms
Dress Codes—Transgender student- athletes should be permitted to dress consistently with their gender identities. That is, a female-to-male transgender athlete should be permitted to dress as a male. A male-to-female should be permitted to dress as a female. For reasons unrelated to trans-inclusion, schools should evaluate the necessity of gendered dress codes and recognise that they tend to marginalise a range of students who may not feel comfortable with them. Dress codes for athletic teams when traveling or during a game day at school should be gender-neutral. Instead of requiring a girls` or women`s team to wear dresses or skirts, for example, ask that team members wear dresses or slacks that are clean, neat, well cared for and appropriately “dressy” for representing their school and team. Uniforms — All team members should have access to uniforms that are appropriate for their sport and that they feel comfortable wearing. No student should be required to wear a gendered uniform that conflicts with the student`s gender identity.
Education

1. Institutions — All members of the university community should receive information and education about transgender identities, institutional and conference non-discrimination policies, the use of preferred names and pronouns, and expectations for creating a respectful team and school climate for all students, including transgender and gender-variant students.
2. Athletics Conference Personnel — Athletics conference leaders should be educated about the need for policies governing the participation of transgender student-athletes, develop such policies, and ensure that all schools in the conference understand and adopt the policies.
3. Opposing Teams/Universities — Without violating a transgender student`s confidentiality or privacy, school leaders, athletic directors, and coaches should communicate with their counterparts at other schools prior to competitions in which a transgender athlete is participating about expectations for treatment of transgender student-athletes on and off the field. This does not require “outing” or oth-erwise identifying a particular student-athlete as transgender, but rather establishing general expecta-tions for the treatment of all student-athletes, including those who may be transgender.

Media

1. Training — All school or athletics representatives (conference leaders, sports information departments and personnel, school leaders, athletics administrators, team members, and coaches) who are autho-rised to speak with the media should receive information about appropriate terminology, use of names and pronouns, and school and athletics conference policies regarding the participation of transgender student-athletes on school sports teams.
2. Confidentiality — Protecting the privacy of transgender student-athletes must be a top priority for all athletics department and affiliated school personnel, particularly when in the presence of the media. All medical information shall be kept confidential in accordance with applicable state, local, and federal privacy laws.

Enforcement and non-Retaliation

1. Enforcement — Any member of an athletics department who has been found to have violated this policy by threatening to withhold athletic opportunity or harassing any student on the basis of their gender identity or expression, or by breaching medical confidentiality, will be subject to disciplinary action, up to and including discharge or expulsion from the school. The athletics department should take appropriate remedial action to correct the situation. Any member of the athletics department who be-comes aware of conduct that violates this policy should report the conduct to the appropriate official such as the director of athletics.
2. Retaliation — Retaliation is specifically forbidden against anyone who complains about discrimination based on gender identity or expression, even if the person was in error. Athletics departments should take steps to prevent any retaliation against any person who makes such a complaint.

References for this article are included in the references section of this feature. Please see this section.
Contact
Pat Griffin
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, USA
Email: griffin@educ.umass.edu
Helen Carroll
National Center for Lesbian Rights (NCLR), Sports Project
USA
Email: hcarroll@nclrights.org

http://www.icsspe.org/